The maintenance of secure fortresses in the provinces by the Ottomans and especially in border regions served a two-fold purpose.First, a network of fortresses played an obvious role in defense, but in addition to this it served to insure internal stability and as such a check to brigandry and disorder in areas far removed from the capital or large centers of population in the provinces. During the period 1578-1612 when a series of wars between the Ottomans and the Safevid State in Iran gave rise to bands of deserters, "Celali", disorder in rural areas of Anatolia reached such proportions that for the sake of security, large sectors of the peasant population abandoned their lands and took refuge in the cities. To curb this shift in population tothe cities and maintain order and defensive security in sparsely populated but strategically important border areas, the Ottomanswere obliged to maintain and increase the number of garrison along its borders with Iran.(1)Although the gret social implications which this gradual militarization of Eastern Anatolia during the wars with Iran 1578-1612 and continued during the period 1623-1638 when hostilities were resumed following the capture of Bagdad by the Safevis lie outside the scope of this present paper,an attempt will be made in the concluding remarks to assess the overall impact of the long wars between Iran and Turkey during the first part of the seventeenth century.
In the introduction to his book on the building of the mosque and imaret Suleymaniye, Barkan draws attention to the importance of the construction industry as a branch of economic activity.(2)While expenditures on the construction of the Suleymaniye Mosque reached a level of 53 million akce over a six year period 061-996 H./1554-1559 A.D.(3),expenditures on military archictecture were also at a high level.During the reign of Murad lV,1623-1640 significant efforts were made to fortify the Black Sea and particularly the Bosphorus against Cossack incursions.(4)Due to the limitations of space,these construction and repair projects cannot be fully described in this paper. Since the border with Iran constituted the main region where Ottoman fortress building and repair activities were concentrated during the seventeenth century,l have chosen to document what information could be gathered on the reconstruction of Mosul in 1631, as illustrative of the methods and materials employed in castle construction
Since many fortresses in border regions betweenthe Ottoman and
Safevi States changed hands several times during the prolonged wars
between the two powers, the building, pulling down, and rebuilding and
repair of fortresses in these regions was a constant concern in the late
sextenth and early seventeenth centuries. In Turkish sources, passing
mention is made of the several Ottoman attempts at rebuilding the
fortresses of Revan(5), Sehrizur(6) and Senna(7) after their capture from
the Safevis, but both in in terms of the physical scale and the richness
of the archival evidence concerning them, these construction projects do
not match the example of the reconstruction of Mosul in 1631. Husrev Pasa
the commander of the Ottoman army the wars with Iran and Grand Vezir
1037-1041 H./1628-32 A.D., was particularly concerned with the erection of
a strong network of fortresses bordering with Iran. It was under his
supervision that the repairs at the repairs at Sehrizur and Senna were
carried out. The most ambitious of Husrev Pasa's fortress construction
projects was unquestionably that at Mosul, since it kept the army as well
as a body of over 3,000 construction workers occupied for the better part
of a year. For purposes of clarity, the description of this project will
be devided into three sections as follows:
The exact time when work on the rebuilding of Mosul was begun is not
agreed upon by the two contemporary historians who were most initmately
involved. Topcular Katibi states that work began in Zilkaade 1041/June,
1631 and continued until Rebiul'evvel 1041/October,1631(8), whereas Katib
Celebi gives 6 Saban 1040/March 11, 1631(9) as the date of its comencement
while pointing out that it was not until Safer 1041/August, 1632(10) that
the garrison troops and ammunition stores were finally installed.The
majority of the common day-laborers (irgad) recruited for the
project arrived in Mosul during the two week period stretching from the
end of Safer to the middle of Rebi'ul-evvel 1041/first two weeks of
September, 1631, indicating that serious work on fortress began only after
that date(11). In either case, the length of the project shows that major
repairs were undertaken. We are fortunate in the possession of a
Maliye Ahkam Defteri(register for Finance Department orders)
covering the six-month period when the army wasencamped in the plain of
Koc-Hisar over the winter of 1631-32. In this register, every aspect of
campaign preparations and army expenditures are covered in detail. The
preparation of building materials for thereconstruction of Mosul is taken
up in an order dated 15 Muharrem 1041/ August 14, 1631 adressed to the
Defterdar of Diyarbekir(12). In this document details of the methods to be
employed in building, the source of supply for necessary building
materials, and even the actual dimensions of the four iron gates to be
installed in the walls of the castle at Mosul are all provided. According
to the documents's information, the gates were to measure 5.5
zira high by 4.5 zira wide (about 4.4 metres high by 3.6
metres wide) and were to prepared by skilled iron mongers in Diyarbekir
and transported ready made overland to Mosul. A further noteworthy point
in this document is the mantion of the mines at Kigi as being the source
from which the iron for the gates was to be provided. Other documents in
the same register refer to the production of cannon balls for the
ammunition stores at the fortress of Erzurum(13). It is thus clear that
the mine was productive at the time. A comment in Top- cular Katib's
history however(14), indicates that it was in connection with continuous
wars with Iran and need for a local source of iron that this mine had been
reactivated after having fallen into disuse. A further indication that the mine was fully active at
this time is the fact that a quantity of 40,000 nails (
| ......... | Gurus | Akce |
| 1 Expenditures for iron draw bridge ( | 319(18) | 25,520 |
| 2 Expenditures for nails and spikes ( | 100(19) | 8000 |
| 3 Expenditures for coal to heatthe forges ( | 36(20) | 2,880 |
| 4 Expenditures for the wages of the steel smiths ( | 104(21) | 8,320 |
| 5 Expenditures for steel for the gates ( | 200(22) | 16,000|
| 6 Expenditures for iron for the cross-beams ( | 100(23) | 8,000 |
| 7 Expenditures for two locks for the gates ( | 10(24) | 800 |
| ....... | .... | 69,520 |
Naturally these expenditures reflect only those met by Diyarbekir
Treasury. Others still were met directly from the
Apart from a single entry in the
Service in the construction of fortresseses was an
obligatory duty
imposed on various districts throughout the empire on the basis of one man
per so-many tax-collection
Parallel information on the recruitment of common laborers
For instance in the case of the province of Gaziantep from whom
a supply of one
hundred and twenty workers was requested according to the order
addressed to its
an liva-i Ayntep nefer 120 Minha reft be Mosul fi 8 Rebi'ul-evvel sene 1041, nefer 105. Baki, 15.WAGES:
Information on the rate and method of payment of construction workers'
wages is provided in a document relating to the rebuilding of Revan in 1045
H./ 1635 A.D (see above, note 33).The 600 workers (irgad) required for
this project were to be paid one gurus for every ten days work,
while 200 skilled stone workers(muhreci ustad)were to be paid at
the rate of one gurus for every five days'work.In addition, the
authorities in Van to whom the order was addressed were instructed to meet the
going market wage-rate,guaranteeing to pay the difference between these base
wages and the market rate out of treasury funds(34). Thus,although the workers
were recruited as a compulsory service they were paid a competitive wage(35).
Although the data for the daily wage of a construction worker during the
building of the Suleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul dates from a period 80 years
previously before the large devaluations of the akce, the payment
of a daily wage of 12 akce(one gurus per 10 days,
120 ----- = 12 ) to the workers at Revan in 1045 H./ 1635 A.D. compares favorably 10to the payment of between 5-6 akce per day to workers in Istanbul in 961 H./1554 A.D.(36) In the case of Mosul, we have information that the skilled workers (mimar) from Kayseri were paid as much as much as 70 gurus per-person for their services during one building season.(37) Skilled workers from other regions,complaining of inequity in their pay-scale were granted large bonuses. Two examples of this are:
1)The case of 30 mimar from Ruha and Birecik who were granted
a 15 gurus bonus per person on the condition that they
complete three more months'work.(38)
2)The case of 55 mimar from Diyarbekir who having received a
paymend of 35 gurus in advance complain that although they
reported for duty earlier than anyone else they had nevertheless received
an inferior wage to artisans from other regions. They too were granted a
bonus of 30 gurus per-person again on the condition that they
complete another three months work.(39).
Also if one accepts that the payment of 30 gurus to the irgad from Siverek (40) as a base wage for irgad used in the construction of this fortress,this indicates that they were quite well looked after. At the rate of one gurus for each ten working days paid to the construction workers at Revan in 1045 H./1635 A.D. the workers at Mosul, at least those from the township of Siverek were guaranteed the equivalent of a wage for 300 working days for their service during a single building season. Perhaps these generous wages were offered partly in recognition the difficulties of working in the heat of the summer in Iraq, but whatever the reason, it is clear that even in the case of unskilled workers whose service was furthermore compulsory, the conditions had to be made attractive enough to ensure their cooperation. For even the unskilled workers had access to justice if their rights were violated as is shown in the case of the mine workers at Kigi who after complaining of unfair treatment were guaranteed a fair daily wage for their work (rencber hakki) and fair rental payment for the use of their animals in carrying stone from the mine.(41)
To show how this distiction between the payment of the wages for skillid workers from state (miri) funds, i.e. the bedel-i nuzul, which wer subject to bargaining as seen above (see note 38 & 8 39 ) and the payment of the wages of unskillied workmen met from extraordinary levis(salgun) and set at a fixed lavel, the following examples were selected :
In the first case it is noteworthy that instructions were given the submit any surplus funds directly to the ordu-i humayun hazinesi which oversaw the bedeli-nuzul expenditures during campaign , while, in the second case strong warnings as given to the authories to return any excess funds to their rightful owners(eshab),i.e. to the comminities from whichthe funds were collected.
As as been pointed out in several articles by Muzaffer Erdogan(44), the Baüsbakalik Archives in Istanbul hold a wealth of material on building supplies,and worker's wages for various kinds of contruction projects ,both religious and military.In this short paper I have tried to describe some of the principles of organization and economic significance of projects in military architecture by drawing on the example of the rebuilding of Mosul in 1631. Of course,much work remains to be done particularly on the question of the description,sources,and price building materials used in fortress construction and other questions whose fuller treatment here is precluded by the limitations of time and space. However, before closing I would like to make several general remarks on the economic impact of the wars between the Ottomans and the Safevis in the early seventeenth century.
The fact that the lauching of campaign year after year in the early seventeenth century constituted a major drain on resources both human and material and disrupted agricultural activity in the provinces giving rise to a flight to the cities and other undesirable effects is undeniable. Nor should it be overlooked that a certain portion of the burden of supporting the army camped in the provinces for periods stretching over several years, particulary the burden of suporting special troops like those of the Crimean Han, was met by local contributions. Nevertheless, if one considers the economic stimulus provided locally in supplying the needs of the army in the provinces, not only in the provision of its daily needs such as grain or in the maintenance repair of equipment giving employment to blacksmiths, leather workers and and a multitude of other trades, but also in larger terms by its acting as an employer of labor on a grand scale for the digging of trenches, building of roads and bridges, and the construction of fortresses, the army's economic impact was not inconsiderable. For although a part of the menzil supplies and labor force was met from local contributions, these constituted only a portion of the total need, the balance being paid for on a cash basis, either by the timariot forces who were required to supply their own grain, or from treasury funds for construction projects. The scale of the army's needs and scarcity of critical items in times of war could mean great profits for local merchants who supplied them.As an example of the soar in prices due to scarcity one could take the example of the price of horseshoes. The discrepancy between the official price set down by army authorities of fourteen akce per set of four (giyim)(45) and the price of four gurus per set(46) which soldiers were obliged to pay when the army was in the field far from centers of supply, accrued to the benefit of the enterprising local merchants. Apart from these effects, it is to be noted that it was as a direct result of the demand for cannon ball production and need for iron linked with the wars against the Safevis that the mines at Kigi which had fallen into disuse as no longer profitable were revived. As for the question of the depopulation of Anatolia, the maintenance of large permanent garrisons by ensuring security in the border areas served to encourage urban growth and rural order. These developments provided an incentive to prevent the eqodus of the agriculturalists from their lands and brought an end to the so_called "Great Flight" (Buyuk Kacgun) of the 1590's. Furthermore, the consolidation of large estates (ciftlik) and beginnings of capital intensive farming were further causes of rural depopulation, processes which had no connection with the wars in Iran. Before speaking too blithely of economic decline and depression(47) therefore the economic impact of this new element in provincial society should be considered. The supply and maintenance of large fortresses such as Kars, Van and Mosul with permanent garrisons in excess of one thousand men formed an important part of the local economy and to match their numerical strength they quickly took a prominent place in municipal finance and politics as well. Just how dominant their position was in the case of Mosul for instance is clear. The garrison of three thousand men installed after the completion of repairs in 1632/1042 H. formed a group far outweighing in influence and other local goup.(48) This gradual militarization of Eastern Anatolia and the penetration of the kapu-kulu military class into the far reaches of Anatolia in the role of guardian of the peace, was a process which had begun well before the outbreak of war with the Safevis in the late sixteenth century .(49) However, the military exigencies of the period of war with Iran accelerated the proces, and secured incontrovertibly the dominant social and economic position of the kapu-kulu military class in the provinces. Abaza Mehmet Pasa's rebellion in Erzurum 1623-1628 and his expelling of the Janissary garrison was the last serious attempt to stem the rise of the kapu-kulu. After the failure of Abaza Mehmet's challenge, the kapu-kulu continuned to gain in wealth and influence, and their presence in the provinces gave a characteristic stamp to the course of future economic development.
Altought the Hukumet of Hazo was ordered to provide 250 workers and according to the rate applied in the Ibn'ul-Emin Askeri document of 40 gurus per-person should have paid a bedel of 10.000 gurus upon statement of their inability to pay, a fixed-sum payment of 3.000 gurus was accepted in its stead. Similarly, the Hukumet of Genc, on complainig of its poverty, had its bedel assessment reduced from 40 gurus per-person to 30 gurus per-person.
" Soyle kol diyar'da tayin olunan ziyade ucret ile isledikleri vaki ise, tamamen hazine-i amirem'den tekmil olunur, verile gelen ucretlerinden bir akce noksan verilmez. "(35)Basbakanlik Arsivi, Maliye'den Mudevver Defterleri No.8475, p.43. This order, addressed to the kadi of Ruha regarding the recruitment of 350 irgad laborers for Mosul makes this point clear in the following words:
" Soyle ki, kaza-i mezbur reayasindan bazilari avariz-i divaniye'den muaflariz deyu ferman olan irgadlari vermekten teallul-u behane ederler ise irgadlar ucret iledir tekalif-i orfiyye'den degildir, kataen ol vechiyle sozlere ve teallul-u behaneleri isga eylemeyip..."(36)O.L.Barkan, Suleymaniye Cami ve Imaret Insaat 1550-1557, Ankara, 1972, p.23.
"menzil-i mezbur'de sehrizor Pasasi alaylar ile ordu'ya dahil
olur askere imdad -i zahire ve bargirler(eder) ve tuccar esnaf taifesinden
Mosul'dan ve Hileh'den Diyarbekir'de birikip ordu'ya baicu sira'ya gelirler
ve asker de ziyade esnaflara ihtiyac olup, ordu-i humayun'a bargir ve at nali
dort gurus'a ve bir semer muhimmati bes gurus'a idi."
(47)The arguments of several authors(Akdag,Griswold,Cook etc.)who espouse
the thesis of rural depopulation and general economic decline in the early
seventeenth century are summarized in a paper entitled &quat;Centralization
and Decentralization in Ottaman Administration "delivered at the
Colluquism on the Muslim World in the Eighteenth Century(forthcoming in
volume edited by Nef).The purpose of my concluding remarks is to suggest
that an alternative interpretation of this period might be offered based
on positing a positive economic impact on rural Anatolia as the aftermath
of the long wars with Iran 1578-1638 as result of the focusing of attention
on the problems and potentialites of this region which had been
comparatively neglected during the sixteenth century when Ottaman energies
were primarily engaged in establishing supremacy over Hungry.
(48)An order regulating the ocaklik or maintenance stipend for
the fortress of Mosul in 1632/1042 H., Basbakanlik Arsivi, Muhtelif ve
Mutenevi Defterleri No.49,p.152,provided that the sum of 10,281,568
akce be set aside cach,year,soley,to pay the wages of the three
thousand strong garrison.
(49)For a study of the historical origins of this process see Serafeddin
Turan's book on the interregnum period following the death of Suleyman
the Magnificent, Kanuninin Oglu Sehzade Beyazid Vakasi,
Ankara 1961
An cemaat-i mimaran-i eyalet-i merkumin
an eyalet-i Sivas ber mucib-i defter-i kudat ihrac sudd. nefer
100.
Minha duhul be Mosul fi 27 Zilhicce sene 1040 ber mucib-i defter-i
Bekir Pasa. nefer 99,murde 1.
an eyalet-i Diyarbekir nefer 100.
Minha duhul-i Mosul fi gurre-i muharrem sene 1041 ber mucib-i defter-i
Bekir Pasa ,73,Baki 27
an eyalet-i Rakka nefer 20.
Minha duhul be Mosul fi 12 Zilhicce sene 1040 ber mucib-i defter-i Bekir
Pasa,20,temamen.
an canib-i Ayteb ve Kilis ve Azez nefer 30
Minha duhul be Mosul fi 27 Zilhicce sene 1040.30,temamen.
an eyalet-i Haleb nefer 120.
Minha duhul be Mosul fi 12 Zilhicce sene 1040 10. fi gurre-i muharrem
1041 103. 113,baki 5,murde 2.
an liva-i Maras nefer 50.
Minha duhul be Mosul fi 24 muharrem sene 1041,37,baki 12,murde 1.
an liva-i Malatya nefer 15
Minha reftibe Mosul der mucib-i defter-i kuzzat-i Malatya fi gurre-i Safer
sene 1041. nefer 12,baki 3.
an liva-i Kayseriye nefer 60
Minha duhul be Mosul fi 11 Safer sene 1041;60 ,temamen.
mevcud der hizmet-i kale-i Mosul 444
murdegan 4
baki 47
495
Zikr olunan mimarlarin ucretleri bedel-i nuzul malindan mahsub olup,
zuhuriyeler gelip mahallinde hifz olunmagin serh verildi.
an cemaat-i lagimciyan
an canib-i Tokat 20
an canib-i Sivas 15
an canib-i Kayseri 20
an canib-i Gumushane 10
an canib-i Ergani 5
an canib-i Arabgir 10
an canib-i Divrigi 10
an canib-i Malatya 10
YEKUN 100
Minha reft be Mosul fi evail-i Rebiul'evvel sene 1041,nefer 94, murdegan 3,
baki 3.
an cemaat-i irgadan-i kaza-i mezkurin an eyalet-i merkumin
(1)an kaza-i Mardin ve NÅsaybin nefer 500.
Minha duhÅuÅl MosuÅl ba tevarih-i muhtelife bermucib-idefter-i
Bekir Pasa,477,baki 20.
(2)an kaza-i Birecik nefer 120.
Minha duhul be Mosul ba tevarih-i muhtelife ber mucib-i defter-i
Bekir Pasa,100,baki 20.
(3)an kaza-i Amid nefer 150.
Minha duhul be Mosul ba tevarih-i muhtelife ber mucib-i defter-i
Bekir Pasa,129,baki 21.
(4)an kaza-i Ruha nefer 300.
Minha duhul be Mosul ba tevarih-i muhtelife ber mucib-i defter-i
Bekir Pasa,251,baki 49.
(5)an kaza-i Beriyye ve Tel-Guran nefer 40.
Minha reft be Mosul fi 8 Rebiul'evvel sene 1041,II,baki 29.
(6)an kaza-i Siverek nefer 40.
Minha duhul be Mosul fi 10 Rebiul'evvel sene 1041 ber mucib-i
defter-i Bekir Pasa,37,baki 3.
(7)an kaza-i Cirmik nefer 40.
Minha duhul be Mosul fi 7 Rebiul'evvel sene 1041,50,temamen.
(8)an kaza-i Harput nefer 100.
Minha reft be Mosul fi 4 Rebuil'evvel sene 1041,baki 20.
(9)an kaza-i Egin nefer 100.
Minha duhul be Mosul fi 4 Rebuil'evvel sene 1041,75,baki 25.
(10)an kaza-i Pertek nefer 40.
Minha reft be Mosul fi 8 Rebuil'evvel sene 1041,20,baki 20.
(11)an kaza-i Cemisgezek nefer 20.
(12)an kaza-i Mazgird nefer 40.
Minha reft be Mosul fi 8 Rebuil'evvel sene 1041,30,baki 10.
(13)an kaza- Sagman nefer 40.
Minha reft be Mosul fi 8 Rebuil'evvel sene 1041,18,baki 22.
(14)an kaza-i Cabakcur nefer 20.
Minha duhul be Mosul fi 23 Safer sene 1041,20,temamen.
(15)an kaza-i Palu nefer 100.
Minha duhul be Mosul fi 27 Safer sene 1041,99,temamen,murde 1.
(16)an kaza-i hukumet-i Genc nefer 30.
Zikr olunan irgatlar tayin olunan hizmete varip dahil olmamagin
tekrar ihrac eylemeleri veyahut belediye kirkar gurus vereler
deyuemr-i serif verilip,badehu otuz gurus'a kat olunup ve
akcesin dahil-i hazine olunup,kul meacib'e sarf olunmustur.
(17)an kaza-i Atak nefer 20.
Minha duhul be Mosul fi 21 Rebuil'evvel sene 1041 ber mucib-i
defter-i Bekir Pasa,20,temamen.
(18)an kaza-i Tercil nefer 20.
Minha duhul be Mosul fi 11 Rebuil'evvel sene 1041,20,temamen.
(19)an kaza-i Girdegan nefer 80.
(20)an kaza-i Hins Keyf nefer 100.
Minha duhul be Mosul ba tevarih-i muhtelife,100,temamen.
(21)an kaza-i Siirt nefer 30.
(22)an hukumet-i Hazo nefer 250.
Zikr olunan irgatlar tayin olunan hizmete varip dahilolmamagin,
tekrar ihrac veyahut belediye kirkar gurus vereler deyu emr-i
serif verilip,badehu,fukerayiz deyu gelip tazlim eylediklerin
3,000 gurus'a kat,2,500 gurus teslim-i hazine eylemislerdir.
000
(23).................. nefer 108.
(24) an kaza-i Mihrani nefer 10
Minha reft be Mosul fi 11 Rebiul'evvel sene 1041, 10, temamen
(25) an kaza-i Savur nefer 20
Minha duhul be Mosul ba tevarih-i muhtelife, 20, temamen
(26) an kaza-i Ergani nefer 40
Minha duhul be Mosul****
(27) an kaza-i Hani nefer 20
Minha duhul be Mosul fi 27 Safer sene 1041, 20, temamen
(28) an kaza-i Isti nefer 70
Minha reft be Mosul fi ber mucib-i defter-i Bekir Pasa, 70, temamen
(29) an kaza-i**** nefer 70
(30) an kaza-i Akca Kale nefer 60
Minha duhul be Mosul fi evail-i Zilhecce sene 1041, 60, temamen
(31) an kaza-i Kulliyet nefer 15
Minha reft be Mosul fi 13 Rebiul'evvel sene 1041, 13, baki 2
(32) an hukumet-i Cizre nefer 120
Minha duhul be Mosul*****
(33) an hukumet-i Suhran nefer 100
Minha duhul be Mosul be defaat, 100, termamen
(34) an hukumet-i Uskudar nefer 17
Minha duhul be Mosul fi 9 Rebiul'evvel sene 1041, 17 temamen
(35) an kaza-i Azez ve Kilis nefer 300
Minha duhul be Mosul ba tevarih-i muhtelife, 160, baki 140
(36) an liva-i Malatya nefer 100
Minha duhul be Mosul 49, baki 51
(37) an liva-i Aynteb nefer 120
Minha reft be Mosul fi 7 Rebiul'evvel sene 1041, 105, baki 15
(38) an liva-i Miyafarkin tabi-i Diyarbekir nefer 12
YEKUN MINUL-ECANIB nefer 3372
Minha duhul ma reft be Mosul nefer 2537
el-Baki 835
Baki-i mezbur ayni ihrac, veyahud belediyeleri icin kirkar gurus vereler deyu emr-i serif verilmisken, ahval boyle vaki olmagla, min had ne irgadlar ve ne akce tahsil olunmagin serh verildi.
Cemaen al hazirin be Mosul nefer 3072
an mimaran 441
an lagimciyan 94
an irgadan 2537
3072
Bala'da mestur olan mimar ve naccarlarin ucretleri ve nafakalari icin lazim gelen akce, 1041 senesinden vaki 1042 senesi bedel-i nuzul akcelerinden ve hevass malindan mahsub olunup, emirleri zuhurunde huccet oluna deyu emr-i seriflerde serh verilip, ve lagimci ve irgadlarin ucretlerin reaya kendi yanlarindan ihrac edip, miri akce'den verile deyu emr-i serifelerde yazilmamistir.
NOTE: Parts of this document have been obliterated due to tears in the paper. These illegible passages and figures are indicated by the symbol.*****
Ayntep kadisina ve Ayntep Sancak Beyi kaim-mekami ve Aynteb Alti-boluk kethuda-yerine hukm-ki-
Hala Mosul kalesi tamiri icin kulli irgad lazim ve muhimm olmagin,Ayntep ve Kilis reayasi ve muaflarindan bilcumle 120 nefer irgat muaccelen ihrac ve ordu-i humayunuma irsal olmak fermanim olmustur. Buyurdum ki,hukm-i serifim vardikta bir an tevakkuf eylemeyip bilcumle Ayntep ve Kilis reayasindan ve muaflarindan ihraci fermanim olan ol mikdar irgatlari mezbur kulum mubasiret ile tacil ve ale'l-tecil ihrac ve yarar kefilleri aldiktan sonra kendileri ve kefillerini ale'l-esami defter edip,imzalayip ve muhurleyip irgatlari tamamen defteri ile mezbur kuluma teslim edip ordu-i humayunuma irsal ettiresiz ki ondan Mosula irsal oluna. Ve irgatlarin ucretleri ve nafakalari icin lazim gelen kifayet mikdari akce'yi yine r eaya'dan ve muaflar'dan tahsil ve kendiler teslim edip ve her nefer'e kacar akce verildigi destur-i ekrem musir-i mufahhem vezir-i azamim ve serdar-i secaat-siarim Husrev Pasa, adama Allahu teala iclalehu'ya arz ve ilam eyleyesiz. Ve bazi kimesneler biz avariz-i divaniye ve nuzul ve sair tekalif-i orfiye'den muaflariz deyu vermekte teallul ve behane ederler ise, zikr olunan kale memalik-i islamiye'nin dusman-i din-u devlet'den hifzi sedd-i sedid olmak icin tamiri fermanim olmustur deyu bu makule tekalif daima vakic olmayip ve din-u devlete tabi hususlara umumen reaya imdad-u muavenet ede gelmislerdir,sair reaya ile onlar dahi eda-i hizmet ettirip, kataen teallul ve behane ettirmeyesiz. el-hasil, husus-imezbur umur-i muhimme'nin ehemmindendir ona gore zikr olunan irgatlari ahsen tedbir ve tedarik ile ihrac ettirip zinhar avk'u ihmal eylemeyip ve bu bahane ile hizmet-i tam ile ve ahar vechile ziyade akce almakla hilaf-i emr-i serif reaya'yi teaddi-u tecavuz eylemeyeler ve ettirmeyesiz.Soyle ki, irgatlar ale'l-acle temamen ordu-i humayunuma erismeyip veyahud noksan uzere gonderele bir vech ile ozrunuz ve cevabiniz makbul-u mesmuc olmayip senki kadisin azl-u redd'e, ve siz ki kaim-mekam ve alti-boluk kethuda-yeri ukubet-u hakaret'e mustahakk olursuz.
Diyarbekir Defterdarina hukm ki
Hala muceddeden binasi ferman olunan Mosul kalesi icin dort kapisi cumle ser a pa demir kapla ve dort kapisi kalin cisr tahtalarindan ki her birinin dorder demir kusaklari ve birun demirleri olup ve her kapinin uzunu bes bucuk zira'dan bir karis mikdari, ve eni dahi dort bucuk zira'dan kezalik bir karis mikdari ihtimamen ziyade olup, ve dort demir kapla kapilarin okce demirleri ve taban demirleri kavi ve muhtem olup ve ekserileri ve mih basilari kalin ve yassi olup birun demirlerine olan ekserileri dirhem basi olup, ve dort tahta kapilarin dahi dorder kusaklari ve okce ve taban demirleri muhtem ve kavi olup ve kusaklarin mihlari ve mih basilari ayri olup, ve birun demirleri yine ayni mudevver olmak uzere seng kapi Diyarbekir'de islenmek lazim olmagin ol canib'de ustad demircileri getirip bu neccarlari Sirin-oglu mubasiretiyle getirtip zikr olunan kapilara ve ekserilerine ve kusaklarina ve okce ve taban demirlerine ve sair muhimmatina ne mikdar demir kifayet ederse Kigi'dan gelen demir'den ve kalin tahta ve cisirleri tedarik ve izhar ettirip ve neccarlari Sirin-oglu maarifetiyle kifayet miktari ustatlari getirtip, vech-i mesruh uzere kapilari ve demirleri isletirip, bilcumle hazir ettirdikten sonra muaccelen destur-i ekrem musir-i efhhem vezir-i azam ve serdar-i zafer-siarim(a) art ve ilam ettirilmek fermanim olmustur. Buyurdum ki, hukm-i serifimle vardikta bu babda sadr olan ferman-i celil al-kadrim uzere amel edip, dahi bir an ve bir saat tevakkuf-u terahhi eylemeyip, ustat demircileri ve neccarlari getirip, balada kayd olundugu uzere seng kapi'nin lazim gelen tahta ve cisirati ve tahta kaplanacak demirleri acele uzere tamam edip asla bir kusuru eylemeyip ancak kaplanacigindan gayri acele uzere Sirin-oglu ser-i kar bakila. Sag cisirlerden yondurup seng kapi hazir-i muheyya edip, ve kezalik dort kapi'nin kaplanacak demir tahtalarin ve ekserilerin ve burunlugu, dirhem basi ekserileri ve okceleri burunlugu soz olan dort kapinin dahi ekserileri ve burunluguna ayrica mudevver ekseri'den ve her birine dorder kusaklari Kigi'den gelen demir'den yaptirip, ta'cil uzere hazir-u muheyya edip,ordu-i humayunuma arz eyleyesin ki kira ile veya kelek ile Mosul'a irsal olunup onda mahallinde kaplanip, insallah teala yerlu yerine konulup itimam-i hizmet oluna. Husus-i mezbur umur-i muhimme'nin ehemminden, kapilarin lazim gelen tahta ve demirlerin ve ekserilerinin tedarikini ve ale'l-acele islendirilmesini zinhar bir vechiyle avk-u ihmal eylemeyip, ve demirci ve neccarlarin ucretleri icin lazim gelen akceleri Diyarbekirhazinesinden eshabina hakklarin bi-kusur verip, kimsenin bir akcesin ali kodurmayip muaccelen itmam-i hizmet ettirmekte mecd-u sai olasin___ bu bab'da hizmetleri zai olmayip riayet olunmasi mukarrerdir. Soyle bilesin
fi 15 muharrem sene 1041
Iòn this passage Hasanbeyzade gives his assessment of Husrev Pasa's performance as Grand Vezir,and the reasons for his replacement by Hafiz Ahmet Pasa who arrives in Diyarbekir on the 6th,of Sevval 1041/April27,1362,to take over the command of the army.
(Mosul kalesi binasina--- )
kale-i merkume'nin sulusu mikdari binasi icin Husrev Pasa ile Beylerbeysi
Bekir Pasa Uskudar'dan beru cumle-i bilad-i meshure'den eger Misr ve Sam
ve Haleb ve Erzerum ve Sivas ve Maras ve Batum eyaletleri reayasindan iki
Misr hazinesi kadar mal almisken, ancak ol mikdarini yapip,sulusani asla
yapmayip na-temam komuslardi.Merkum Murteza Pasa- - reaya ve be-reaya'dan
bir akce ve habbe almayip, kendisi bizzat kalkan'ina tas doldurup, falak-i
subh'dan gark -i zeval'a degin tasayip,agalarina dahi tasitmakla, sair
nas-i hizmet istinas dahi gayrete gelip,tasimakta sai c-i bi kiyas
ettiklerine binaen yapilmamis olan sulusan-i kale'yi dahi zaman-i kalil'de
bina ve tekmil eyleyip, ve kapisini asip icine muhafizlarin doldurup,
beylerbeyisine dahi hilat giydirip, itmam-i hizmet-u maslahat
etmistir.
Van Beylerbeyisine hukm ki-
Bundan akdem kabza-i tasarruf'a gelen Revan kalesi kizilbas-i bed-maas kis
eyyaminda gelip, siddet-i sita'da imdad'a mecal olmadigi ecilden hedem etmekle
haliya gayret-i islam ve ila-i kelimat'ullah ve sunnet-i resul aleyhu
al-selam, serait-i islamiyan olduguna binaen be inayet Allah tealla kale-i
mezbure'nin muceddeden bina olunup icine mukemmel asker-i islam konmasi
babinda Hat-i Humayun-i saadet-makrun ile ferman-zii al-san sadr olmagin
evvel ki hali uzere el usurup yapilmasi icin kale-i mezbure'de muhre is
islemege kadir ve sanaatinda mahir ustad benna lazim olup, eyalet-i Van'dan
ve etraf'da muhre is islemege kadir olan ustadlardan 200 nefer ustad ile 600
nefer dahi irgad ucretleri ile bulunup izhar olunmalari levazime-i
bina'dandir.Iòmdi, sen ki mir-i miransin zikr olunan muhreis islemegekadir
ve bu sanaat'da mahir eyaletinizde ve etrafda bulunan yerlerde 200 nefer
muhre duvar etmege mahir ustad benna'nin ucretleri icin her bir nefer'e bes
gunde bir riyal gurusu ve 600 nefer irgad'in her birine on gunde bir riyal
gurusu haliya hazine-i amiremden verilir. Cumlesi hazir-u amade, ettirmek
emrim olmustur. Buyurdum ki, hukm-i serifimle vardikta, bir an te'hir
eylemeyip dahi kale-i mezbure'nin binasi icin izhari fermanim olan muhre
duvar binasina kadir ustad 200 nefer ve 600 nefer dahi irgadi eyaletinizde
olan Ekrad umerasi davet edip, her biriniz taht-i livanizda olan ve
eyaletinizde bulunan 200 nefer muhreci ustadlari ve 600 irgadi cem-u tedarik
etmek icin her birine tenbih-u te'kid eyleyip, ucretleri icin muhre
ustadlari her birine bes gunde birer riyal ve irgadlarin her bir neferine
on gunde bir gurus hakklarin ,marife-i ser ile ucer aylik
bakilerin hazine-i amirem'den irsal olunan gurus'dan eda eyledikten sonra
her bir nefer'inin mahallarinda karar eylemek sartiyla yarar kefilleri olup,
sicill ve huccet ettirip kendilerin sakin olduklari yerleri ve kefilleri
yerlu ve yurdlu ve hin-i mucavib'de suala tahammul olur olup, haric ve
na-bekar ve haymana irgad tutulmaktan itiraz eyleyesin ve insallah teala
eyaletiniz askeri ile davet olundugun zamanda bunlarin cumlesi ba-hukm-i
mualla alip getiresin ki be fazl'illlah teala bina-i kale'ye mubasiret olunup
itmamima ihtimam oluna ve muhre duvar islemekte tayin olunan muhreci
ustadlarin ve irgadlari taifesi ol caniblerde olan ehl-i vukuf'dan tecessus
olundukta isledikleri eyyam'dan ucretleri bu minval uzere verildigi ihbar
olunmagla ol mikdar gurus irsal olunmustur. Soyle ki ol diyar'da tayin
olunan'dan ziyade ucret ile isledikleri vaki ise tamamen hazine-i amiremden
tekmil olunur, verile-gelen ucretlerinden bir akce noksan verilmez.
Bilmis olalar.
fi 15 Zilhicce, sene 1045